Understanding Georgia Marijuana Possession Laws, Penalties, and Defenses in Forsyth County
The laws surrounding possession of marijuana in Forsyth County, Georgia, are complex, evolving, and often misunderstood. Despite marijuana legalization in other states, Georgia continues to classify it as a controlled substance, and penalties—even for small amounts—can be severe. At The Sherman Law Group, we have seen firsthand how a simple traffic stop or minor possession charge can spiral into a life-altering criminal case.
Georgia law distinguishes between misdemeanor and felony possession, but both carry real consequences—fines, probation, license suspension, and even jail time. For students, professionals, or anyone with a career that requires licensing, a marijuana conviction can create long-term damage far beyond the courtroom.
This post explains how marijuana possession is treated under O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30, the differences between misdemeanor and felony possession, potential defenses, and the steps you can take right now to protect your freedom and future.
Understanding Marijuana Possession in Georgia
In Georgia, marijuana remains illegal for recreational use. Even though attitudes toward cannabis are shifting nationwide, Forsyth County law enforcement continues to take possession cases seriously. Under O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30, possession of less than one ounce of marijuana is a misdemeanor, punishable by up to 12 months in jail and a $1,000 fine.
Possession of more than one ounce is treated as a felony, with penalties including one to ten years in prison and significant fines. Importantly, Georgia law does not recognize “casual possession” or “for personal use” as defenses—possession, no matter how small, is still illegal.
Possession: Actual vs. Constructive
Georgia law distinguishes between two types of possession:
- Actual possession means the marijuana is physically on your person—such as in your pocket or hand.
- Constructive possession means it’s nearby and under your control—like in a car’s glove box or in a shared home.
This distinction often becomes critical in Forsyth County courts. Prosecutors must prove that you knowingly possessed marijuana. If you were unaware that marijuana was present—for instance, if it belonged to someone else in a vehicle—you may have a valid defense.
Penalties for Marijuana Possession in Forsyth County
Type of Possession | Amount | Charge | Possible Penalties |
Misdemeanor | Less than 1 ounce | Possession of marijuana | Up to 12 months in jail and/or up to $1,000 fine |
Felony | More than 1 ounce | Possession with intent to distribute | 1–10 years in prison, fines, probation |
Felony (repeat offenders) | Any amount | Subsequent convictions | Enhanced penalties, longer sentences |
Judges in Forsyth County have discretion. Sentencing may include probation, community service, drug counseling, or deferred adjudication, depending on the circumstances and prior record.
The Forsyth County Court Process
After arrest, your case proceeds through several stages:
- Initial Appearance – Charges are read; bond may be set.
- Arraignment – You enter a plea of guilty, not guilty, or nolo contendere.
- Pretrial Motions – Your attorney may challenge the evidence, search, or arrest.
- Negotiation or Plea Bargain – Prosecutors may offer reduced charges or diversion.
- Trial – If unresolved, your case goes before a judge or jury.
Each stage requires precision, knowledge, and timing—skills that The Sherman Law Group brings to every case.
Collateral Consequences of a Marijuana Conviction
Even a misdemeanor marijuana conviction can have ripple effects:
- Difficulty finding employment
- Loss of scholarships or student aid
- Immigration consequences for non-citizens
- Damage to professional reputation
That’s why it’s vital to fight the charge early and strategically.
Why Local Experience Matters in Forsyth County
Every county in Georgia enforces state law differently. Forsyth County and the city of Cumming, Georgia, are known for taking a relatively strict stance on marijuana offenses. However, judges also appreciate defendants who show accountability and a willingness to change. The Sherman Law Group’s familiarity with local prosecutors, courts, and diversion programs often makes the difference between conviction and dismissal.
A Note on Georgia’s Medical Marijuana Law
While Georgia allows limited use of low-THC cannabis oil for registered patients under O.C.G.A. § 16-12-191, it remains illegal to possess or distribute raw marijuana. Many well-intentioned individuals misunderstand this distinction, leading to avoidable arrests.
If you or someone you love has been charged with possession of marijuana in Forsyth County, don’t face the system alone. A conviction can have lasting repercussions on your freedom, job, and reputation.
At The Sherman Law Group, we bring decades of experience, bold strategy, and intelligent advocacy to every case. We know how Forsyth County and the city of Cumming courts operate, and we know how to win.
Call us today for a confidential consultation. Let us defend your rights, your record, and your future.
50 Frequently Asked Questions About Marijuana Possession in Georgia
- Is marijuana legal in Forsyth County, Georgia?
No. Marijuana possession is illegal under Georgia law, even in small amounts. - Is less than one ounce of marijuana a felony?
No. Possession of less than one ounce is a misdemeanor under O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30. - Can I go to jail for misdemeanor possession?
Yes, up to 12 months in jail, although many cases result in probation. - What happens if I have more than one ounce?
That’s a felony, punishable by 1–10 years in prison. - Can police search my car if they smell marijuana?
Yes, the odor of marijuana can establish probable cause under Georgia law. - Can a possession charge be dismissed?
Yes, if evidence was illegally obtained or if defenses apply. - Will I lose my driver’s license?
Yes, a first-time conviction results in a 6-month suspension. - What’s the fine for possession?
Up to $1,000 for misdemeanors, and much more for felonies. - Can I get a diversion program?
In some Forsyth County cases, yes—especially for first-time offenders. - What if marijuana wasn’t mine?
Your attorney can argue lack of possession or knowledge. - Do I need a lawyer for a first offense?
Absolutely. Even a first offense can affect your record and future. - Is marijuana decriminalized in Georgia?
No, but some cities (like Atlanta) have local ordinances reducing penalties. - Does Georgia have medical marijuana?
Only low-THC oil (under 5%) is legal for registered patients. - Can I use marijuana prescribed in another state?
No. Out-of-state prescriptions aren’t valid in Georgia. - Can I get my record expunged?
Possibly, depending on the case outcome and your history. - What is “constructive possession”?
When marijuana is nearby and under your control, even if not on you. - What is “actual possession”?
When marijuana is physically on your person. - What if multiple people are in the car?
Each person may be charged, but your lawyer can argue it wasn’t yours. - Can the police test marijuana roadside?
Typically, it’s sent to the GBI Crime Lab for confirmation. - What’s the role of intent to distribute?
Larger amounts or packaging can raise the charge to trafficking. - Can I be charged for marijuana residue?
Yes, even trace amounts can lead to charges. - What if marijuana was found during an illegal stop?
Evidence obtained illegally can be suppressed. - Is CBD legal in Georgia?
Only if it contains less than 0.3% THC. - Do Forsyth County and city of Cumming judges offer leniency?
It depends on the case, record, and attorney’s presentation. - Can I face federal charges?
Generally no, unless trafficking or large-scale distribution is involved. - What happens if I’m under 21?
Penalties can include license suspension and school discipline. - Can probation include drug testing?
Yes, random testing is common. - Will a conviction affect my employment?
Yes, especially for licensed or government positions. - Can I travel while on probation?
Only with court or probation officer approval. - Can police arrest me for marijuana paraphernalia?
Yes, possession of pipes, grinders, or rolling papers can be charged. - Does Forsyth County offer conditional discharge?
Yes, for first-time offenders under O.C.G.A. § 16-13-2. - Can a passenger be charged if marijuana is in the car?
Yes, but possession must still be proven. - What’s the difference between use and possession?
Possession refers to having it; use is consumption—both are illegal. - Can my employer find out about my arrest?
Possibly—many background checks reveal arrests. - Can I refuse a vehicle search?
Yes, but officers may search if they have probable cause. - What should I do if arrested?
Remain silent and contact an attorney immediately. - Can police question me without reading my rights?
They must if you’re in custody and being interrogated. - Can my case go to drug court?
Possibly—Forsyth County offers alternative courts for rehabilitation. - Can a juvenile be charged?
Yes, but handled in juvenile court. - Will marijuana laws change soon?
Possibly—there’s ongoing debate in Georgia’s legislature. - Can my car be impounded?
Yes, if marijuana was found inside. - Can a conviction affect custody rights?
Yes, judges may view it as evidence of unfitness. - Is hemp legal?
Yes, if THC is below 0.3%, but confusion often causes arrests. - What is a “drug-free zone” enhancement?
Possession near schools or parks increases penalties. - Can I represent myself?
Not advisable—Georgia drug laws are complex. - How long will the case take?
Anywhere from a few weeks to several months. - Will I need to appear in court?
Usually yes, unless your lawyer handles appearances. - Can charges be reduced to disorderly conduct?
In some cases, yes, through negotiation. - What makes The Sherman Law Group different?
Experience, strategy, and deep familiarity with Forsyth County courts. - How soon should I hire a lawyer?
Immediately—early defense is your best protection.
Protecting Your Future in Forsyth County
The law on marijuana possession in Forsyth County remains strict and unforgiving. But knowledge, preparation, and expert advocacy can transform your case. The Sherman Law Group combines legal scholarship with practical courtroom skill. We don’t just defend cases—we defend futures.
If you’re facing marijuana charges, contact us today. Let our experience, intelligence, and determination work for you.
1. The Historical Context of Marijuana Regulation in Georgia
The evolution of marijuana laws in Georgia reflects a larger national tension between criminal justice enforcement and public health reform. For decades, the state has treated marijuana possession as a matter of moral, social, and legal concern. However, shifting cultural attitudes and expanding medical research have forced policymakers to reconsider the punitive framework historically applied to cannabis. In Forsyth County, the city of Cumming, and across Georgia, defendants still face serious criminal penalties for possession, yet the legal landscape is slowly transforming. Understanding this historical arc is essential: today’s cases do not exist in a vacuum but are shaped by decades of legislative debate and judicial interpretation.
2. The Legal Framework: Statutory Authority and Interpretation
Under O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30, Georgia classifies marijuana as a controlled substance, though certain low-THC oil exceptions exist. The statute distinguishes between misdemeanor and felony possession based on weight—possession of less than one ounce generally constitutes a misdemeanor, while greater quantities elevate the charge to a felony. Courts in Forsyth County strictly apply this threshold, often relying on forensic evidence and law enforcement testimony.
Yet, defense attorneys know that nuances in the chain of custody, Fourth Amendment search violations, and officer credibility can profoundly impact a case’s trajectory. As The Sherman Law Group often observes, a single procedural error may transform a conviction into a dismissal.
3. The Modern Judicial Attitude Toward Marijuana Cases
While Georgia courts maintain a formal prohibitionist stance, the judiciary’s tone toward marijuana possession has softened in recent years. Judges in Forsyth County increasingly recognize the social disparities that marijuana prosecutions can produce and the collateral consequences—such as employment barriers and loss of educational aid—that accompany a conviction. Nevertheless, the courtroom remains a place of accountability. The law still views possession as an offense, and the discretion of prosecutors and judges can vary widely.
The Sherman Law Group’s defense approach integrates legal scholarship with strategic advocacy, ensuring that each client’s circumstances and constitutional rights are presented in the most persuasive light.
4. The Socioeconomic Dimensions of Marijuana Prosecution
The enforcement of marijuana laws often intersects with broader social and economic realities. Defendants from marginalized communities may experience disproportionate scrutiny, while wealthier individuals often have access to more comprehensive defense resources. In Forsyth County, these disparities manifest subtly—in bail determinations, plea negotiations, and sentencing recommendations. A scholarly examination of marijuana possession cases reveals that legal outcomes frequently reflect systemic inequities as much as statutory mandates. That recognition informs The Sherman Law Group’s defense philosophy: every case must be treated not merely as a legal issue but as a human story, deserving of fairness and respect.
5. The Path Forward: Reform, Rehabilitation, and Rational Justice
As Georgia continues to evaluate its approach to controlled substances, the discourse surrounding marijuana possession is increasingly guided by principles of proportionality and rehabilitation. Legal reform efforts, coupled with growing scientific consensus about cannabis’s relative harms, are reshaping public opinion. Yet until legislative change fully arrives, individuals charged with marijuana possession in Forsyth County face real and lasting consequences. The Sherman Law Group remains at the forefront of defending those accused, advocating for outcomes grounded in compassion, reason, and constitutional fidelity. Our mission is not merely to defend the accused but to contribute to a more just and enlightened interpretation of Georgia’s drug laws.
Defenses to Possession of Marijuana in Forsyth County, Georgia
1. Illegal Search and Seizure (Fourth Amendment Violations)
One of the most powerful defenses to a marijuana possession charge in Forsyth County centers on constitutional protections against unlawful searches and seizures. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution requires that law enforcement officers have probable cause and, in most cases, a valid warrant before conducting a search. Yet, in practice, many searches occur without proper legal justification.
If marijuana is found in a vehicle or home following an illegal stop or search, the evidence may be suppressed. For example, if an officer extends a traffic stop beyond its lawful purpose or conducts a search without consent or probable cause, any evidence obtained can be ruled inadmissible in court. The Sherman Law Group often begins every marijuana possession defense by examining the legality of the police encounter itself — because a single unconstitutional act can collapse the prosecution’s entire case.
2. Lack of Possession or Knowledge
In Georgia, the prosecution must prove knowing possession — meaning the defendant must have been aware of the marijuana’s presence and exercised control over it. This element is more complex than it seems. Many cases arise from shared vehicles or residences, where drugs are discovered but ownership is ambiguous.
For instance, if marijuana is found under a car seat that multiple passengers have access to, proving exclusive possession becomes difficult for prosecutors. Similarly, in a home with several occupants, simply being near the substance does not equate to possession. The Sherman Law Group has successfully argued that mere proximity or association does not satisfy the legal definition of possession. Knowledge and control must be clearly established beyond a reasonable doubt — and in many cases, that burden cannot be met.
3. Constructive vs. Actual Possession Disputes
Georgia law recognizes both actual possession (the marijuana is physically on the person) and constructive possession (the marijuana is in an area under the person’s control). However, constructive possession is inherently subjective and vulnerable to challenge. Prosecutors often rely on circumstantial evidence, such as proximity or behavior, to argue constructive possession.
Defense attorneys can dismantle these claims by showing that the accused lacked dominion or control over the area where the marijuana was found. For example, if the defendant borrowed a car or was merely a passenger, it becomes difficult for the state to prove they had the intent to possess.
At The Sherman Law Group, we meticulously analyze police reports, witness statements, and forensic evidence to reveal inconsistencies and demonstrate that constructive possession cannot be conclusively established.
4. Medical Use and Low-THC Exceptions
Although Georgia has not legalized recreational marijuana, it does recognize the medical use of low-THC oil under specific conditions. Patients with qualifying medical conditions may legally possess up to 20 fluid ounces of cannabis oil containing no more than 5% THC, provided they are registered with the Georgia Department of Public Health.
In some cases, individuals charged with marijuana possession may in fact qualify for protection under the state’s medical cannabis program. Even when registration paperwork is incomplete or delayed, the existence of a legitimate medical purpose can influence prosecutorial discretion and sentencing outcomes. A skilled defense lawyer can present this as a mitigating factor or as part of a broader defense strategy to reduce or dismiss charges.
5. Entrapment or Misconduct by Law Enforcement
Entrapment occurs when law enforcement induces a person to commit a crime they otherwise would not have committed. In Forsyth County, undercover operations sometimes lead to allegations of marijuana possession that stem from questionable police conduct. If officers cross the line between observation and inducement, the defense of entrapment may apply.
Furthermore, law enforcement errors—such as mishandling evidence, tampering, or failing to follow proper chain-of-custody protocols—can be decisive in court.
The Sherman Law Group rigorously investigates whether officers followed procedure, from the initial stop through laboratory analysis. If the evidence’s integrity cannot be verified, the defense may move to exclude it entirely.
6. Invalid Laboratory Testing or Contaminated Evidence
Scientific testing is not infallible. Georgia’s crime labs, like all forensic institutions, are susceptible to human error, contamination, and mislabeling. The prosecution must prove that the seized substance is indeed marijuana, and that proof depends on reliable chemical analysis. Defense counsel may demand independent lab testing or challenge the qualifications of the forensic analyst.
Errors in the testing process can lead to false positives, especially with hemp, which is chemically similar to marijuana but legal under federal law if it contains less than 0.3% THC. Thus, distinguishing hemp from marijuana requires precise testing — and if the results are ambiguous, the defense has a strong argument that reasonable doubt exists.
7. Violation of Miranda Rights
Statements made during police questioning are often pivotal in marijuana possession cases. If law enforcement failed to properly administer Miranda warnings, or if coercive tactics were used to obtain a confession, those statements may be excluded from evidence. The Sherman Law Group carefully reviews interrogation transcripts and bodycam footage to ensure constitutional compliance.
Without the defendant’s own admissions, many possession cases weaken substantially. A suppressed confession can mean the difference between conviction and acquittal, underscoring the necessity of experienced legal counsel to protect every constitutional safeguard.
8. Chain of Custody Challenges
Every piece of evidence—from the seized marijuana to laboratory results—must be documented and handled according to strict procedures. A break in the chain of custody raises serious doubts about whether the evidence presented in court is the same as what was originally seized.
If gaps, inconsistencies, or documentation errors exist, the defense may argue that the evidence has been compromised or contaminated. The Sherman Law Group has seen numerous cases where poor recordkeeping or storage issues rendered key evidence inadmissible. This technical, yet highly effective, defense strategy can lead to reduced charges or full dismissal.
9. Police Misidentification or False Allegations
In some cases, marijuana possession charges arise from mistaken identity or false accusations. Officers may attribute ownership of drugs to the wrong person, especially in multi-occupant vehicles or shared residences. False allegations, sometimes arising from personal disputes or retaliatory motives, can also play a role.
Defense counsel can counter these claims through witness testimony, surveillance evidence, or forensic analysis that disconnects the defendant from the alleged contraband. Establishing credibility and dismantling false narratives are core components of The Sherman Law Group’s courtroom strategy.
10. Lack of Probable Cause for Arrest or Detention
Finally, even before a search occurs, law enforcement must have a valid basis for initiating contact or detention. Traffic stops, for example, require an articulable reason such as a traffic violation. If officers acted on a hunch or pretext without probable cause, any evidence discovered afterward is “fruit of the poisonous tree” and cannot be used in court.
Georgia appellate courts have consistently reinforced that constitutional protections apply equally in drug cases. The Sherman Law Group emphasizes this principle in its defense practice, arguing forcefully that procedural justice is not optional — it is the foundation of lawful prosecution.
Final Thought: Strategy, Precision, and the Pursuit of Justice
Each marijuana possession case in Forsyth County presents its own intricate web of facts, law, and human complexity. At The Sherman Law Group, we know that defenses are not one-size-fits-all — they require scholarly analysis, constitutional precision, and a deep understanding of how local courts and prosecutors operate. By combining intellectual rigor with practical strategy, we transform complex legal theory into real-world results, ensuring that every client receives not just representation, but protection.
20 Common Mistakes to Avoid in a Georgia Marijuana Possession Case
1. Talking to Police Without an Attorney Present
The most common mistake defendants make is speaking freely with law enforcement. Anything you say can be used against you — and often is. Even seemingly harmless statements (“It’s just a little weed”) can destroy viable defenses. Always remain respectful but firm in invoking your right to remain silent and your right to counsel.
2. Consenting to a Search
Many people mistakenly believe that refusing a search makes them look guilty. In reality, consenting to a search often eliminates valuable defense opportunities. If police ask to search your car, home, or person, you have the right to politely decline unless they have a warrant or probable cause. Once you consent, your ability to later challenge the legality of that search is severely limited.
3. Failing to Challenge an Illegal Stop
Georgia law requires that traffic stops be based on reasonable suspicion or probable cause. If you were pulled over without a legitimate reason, any evidence discovered afterward could be inadmissible. Too many defendants overlook this procedural defense, which can completely dismantle the prosecution’s case.
4. Assuming a Small Amount Means a Small Problem
Even possession of less than one ounce of marijuana in Georgia is a criminal offense, not a civil citation. A misdemeanor conviction can lead to probation, fines, community service, and a permanent criminal record. What seems like a “minor” offense can have lifelong consequences for employment, education, and housing opportunities.
5. Not Hiring an Experienced Criminal Defense Attorney
Marijuana possession cases may appear simple, but they involve complex constitutional and evidentiary issues. A skilled attorney can identify weaknesses in the state’s case, challenge unlawful searches, and negotiate alternative outcomes such as conditional discharge or pretrial diversion. Representation by an experienced Forsyth County defense lawyer can mean the difference between a conviction and dismissal.
6. Pleading Guilty Too Quickly
Many defendants plead guilty at the first court appearance to “get it over with.” This is a serious mistake. Pleading guilty without understanding the consequences — or exploring available defenses — can result in a permanent criminal record that cannot be expunged. Always consult with counsel before entering any plea.
7. Ignoring the Chain of Custody
The prosecution must prove that the substance seized was handled properly from the moment of confiscation to lab testing. Breaks in the chain of custody can make evidence unreliable. Defendants who overlook this detail lose a powerful technical defense that can lead to suppression or dismissal.
8. Assuming Hemp and Marijuana Are the Same
Since the legalization of industrial hemp under federal law, distinguishing between hemp and marijuana has become critical. Both look and smell similar, but only one is illegal. Without accurate lab testing to confirm THC levels, prosecutors may have insufficient proof that the substance was marijuana. An informed defense attorney can exploit this evidentiary gap.
9. Failing to Attend Court Dates
Missing a court appearance can result in a bench warrant for your arrest and additional criminal charges. It also signals to the court that you are irresponsible or indifferent to the process. Always confirm your court schedule and arrive early — professionalism matters in criminal proceedings.
10. Posting About the Case on Social Media
Social media is one of the prosecution’s favorite evidence sources. A single post, photo, or message can undermine your defense or contradict your testimony. The safest approach is to avoid social media altogether until your case is fully resolved.
11. Assuming You Don’t Need to Fight a Misdemeanor
A misdemeanor conviction can carry hidden costs — including driver’s license suspension, probation violations, and immigration issues for non-citizens. Treat every marijuana charge seriously. Even if you believe the amount is minor, the long-term repercussions are anything but.
12. Not Requesting Independent Lab Testing
Crime labs can make mistakes. Substances can be mislabeled, contaminated, or improperly analyzed. Requesting independent laboratory testing ensures accuracy and may reveal that the alleged marijuana was actually hemp or another substance altogether.
13. Forgetting About Fourth Amendment Protections
Your Fourth Amendment rights are among the strongest tools in your defense arsenal. Any violation — whether it’s an illegal search, an unwarranted seizure, or an overreaching traffic stop — can render the evidence inadmissible. Too many defendants fail to explore this avenue early enough in the process.
14. Assuming Cooperation Equals Leniency
While politeness and respect toward officers and prosecutors are always advisable, blind cooperation rarely results in leniency. Volunteering information, waiving rights, or agreeing to searches without counsel’s advice can irreparably damage your defense.
15. Failing to Document the Encounter
Immediately after any police encounter, write down everything you remember: the time, location, officer’s name, and what was said. Details fade quickly, yet these notes can become invaluable in court. A well-documented account strengthens your credibility and aids your attorney in building a persuasive defense.
16. Underestimating the Impact on Professional Licenses
If you hold a professional license — in healthcare, teaching, real estate, or law — a marijuana conviction can trigger disciplinary action or suspension. The collateral consequences extend far beyond the criminal court. Defendants must consider not only legal penalties but also professional ramifications.
17. Relying on Bad Legal Advice
Advice from friends, social media, or non-lawyers is often inaccurate and dangerously misleading. Georgia’s marijuana laws differ from those in neighboring states, and relying on misinformation can lead to serious mistakes. Always consult with a qualified Georgia criminal defense attorney.
18. Failing to Explore Diversion or Alternative Sentencing
Forsyth County and many Georgia jurisdictions offer pretrial diversion programs, which may allow for dismissal upon completion of conditions like community service or counseling. Defendants who fail to explore these alternatives miss opportunities to avoid conviction altogether.
19. Ignoring the Role of Local Courts
Every jurisdiction in Georgia handles marijuana possession cases differently. Forsyth County, for example, has unique local procedures, court personnel, and judicial tendencies. Understanding these local dynamics can dramatically affect strategy. The Sherman Law Group’s deep familiarity with the Forsyth County court system provides a strategic advantage.
20. Waiting Too Long to Seek Legal Help
Perhaps the most serious mistake is delaying legal representation. The earlier an attorney becomes involved, the more options exist for intervention — from negotiating with prosecutors to filing motions to suppress. Time is critical in criminal defense. Engaging The Sherman Law Group immediately ensures that your rights are protected from day one.
Final Word: Strategy, Scholarship, and Strength
At The Sherman Law Group, we know that marijuana possession cases in Georgia require not only legal precision but also intellectual foresight and human understanding. By avoiding these common mistakes, clients preserve their best defenses and strengthen their position before the court. Every detail — from the legality of a stop to the reliability of a lab test — matters. Our mission is to ensure that no mistake, procedural or personal, stands between our clients and justice.